生活數學:地鐵新優惠計劃真的比較優惠?

地鐵正考慮推出每程97折的新優惠計劃,以取代舊有的即日每第二程9折優惠計劃。我們可以計算一下,究竟新優惠計劃是否真的比較優惠?

首先,我們把每一程車資叫做 M,那麼第 n 程的車資就是 M_n。由於有優惠,實際上在第 n 程我們只需付 M_n \times d_n,其中 d_n 是第 n 程的折扣。

我們叫舊優惠計劃做 A,新優惠計劃做 B。那麼,我們就有

^Ad_n = 1n = 1,3,5...
^Ad_n = 0.9n = 2,4,6...

^Bd_n = 0.97n = 1,2,3...

如果我們一日內共搭 N 程,要付的總車資就是

\sum_{n=1}^{N}M_n d_n = M_1 \times d_1 + M_2 \times d_2 + M_3 \times d_3 + ... + M_N \times d_N

現在,我們希望新優惠比舊優惠便宜,因此我們就需要 A 的總車資比 B 的總車資貴:

\sum_{n=1}^{N}M_n~^Ad_n - \sum_{n=1}^{N}M_n~^Bd_n > 0

\sum_{n=1}^{N}M_n (^Ad_n-~^Bd_n) > 0

\sum_{n=1,3,5...}M_n (1-0.97) + \sum_{n=2,4,6...}M_n (0.9-0.97) > 0

0.03\sum_{n=1,3,5...}M_n - 0.07\sum_{n=2,4,6...}M_n > 0

0.03\sum_{n=1,3,5...}M_n > 0.07\sum_{n=2,4,6...}M_n

\frac{\sum_{n=1,3,5...}M_n}{\sum_{n=2,4,6...}M_n} > \frac{0.07}{0.03} \approx 2.333

所以,所有單數程的車資加起來必須是所有雙數程的車資加起來的 2.333 倍以上。換句話說,把較貴的旅程例如長途過海的安排在第一、三、五程,中間隔著短途較平的旅程,新計劃才真的會比舊計劃更優惠。

其實更簡單去想,如果每程車資一樣,新計劃折扣為95折才會與舊計劃總車資一樣。因此,除非平常每日只搭一程,或者第二程搭得特別平,新計劃根本沒有比較優惠,反而更貴。

好喇,計完,滿意啦?聽朝記得準時返工。

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By David Yu

David Yu is the father of Simba and an Astrophysicist. He obtained his PhD in Astrophysics from the Max Planck Institute of Extraterrestrial Physics, Germany. He was formerly a postdoc at the KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden, and is currently a lecturer at the University of Hong Kong. He served as the host of the RTHK TV31 programme Science Night, the Depute Editor-in-Chief of the Taiwanese Science Magazine Physics Bimonthly, and the Science Consultant of Stand News. The books he authored include Dr David’s 21 Mysteries of The Universe (2021), Space – A Down-to-Earth Astrophysicist (2021), Time – A Spacetime Journey of Astronomy and Physics (2019), and Secrets from the Stars (2017).

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